nkhani

Ma Tanneries nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi "fungo la sulfide" lodziwika bwino komanso lonyansa, lomwe limayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa gasi wa sulfhydric, womwe umadziwikanso kuti hydrogen sulfide. Miyezo yotsika mpaka 0.2 ppm ya H2S ndi yosasangalatsa kale kwa anthu ndipo kuchuluka kwa 20 ppm sikungatheke. Zotsatira zake, opanga zikopa atha kukakamizidwa kutseka ntchito zowunikira kapena kukakamizidwa kuyambiranso kutali ndi madera omwe kuli anthu.
Monga momwe nyundo ndi kuwotcha nthawi zambiri zimachitikira pamalo amodzi, kununkhiza ndiye vuto locheperako. Kupyolera mu zolakwika za anthu, izi nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chosakaniza zoyandama za acidic ndi sulfide yomwe imakhala ndi zoyandama za beamhouse ndikutulutsa kuchuluka kwa H2S. Pamlingo wa 500 ppm ma receptor onse onunkhira amatsekeka ndipo mpweya, motero, umakhala wosazindikirika ndipo kuwonekera kwa mphindi 30 kumabweretsa kuledzera kowopsa. Pamagulu a 5,000 ppm (0.5%), kawopsedwe amawonekera kwambiri kotero kuti kupuma kumodzi kumakhala kokwanira kupha imfa nthawi yomweyo m'masekondi.
Ngakhale mavuto onsewa ndi kuopsa, sulfide wakhala mankhwala wokondeka kwa unhairs kwa zaka zoposa zana. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha njira zina zomwe sizikupezeka: kugwiritsa ntchito organic sulphides kwawoneka kuti kotheka koma sikuvomerezedwa kwenikweni chifukwa cha ndalama zowonjezera. Kutaya tsitsi kokha ndi ma enzyme a proteolytic ndi keratolytic ayesedwa mobwerezabwereza koma chifukwa chosowa kusankha kunali kovuta pochita kulamulira. Ntchito yambiri idayikidwanso mu oxidative unhairing, koma mpaka lero ndi yochepa kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake chifukwa ndizovuta kupeza zotsatira zofananira.

The unhairing ndondomeko

Covington wawerengera kuchuluka kofunikira kwa sodium sulfide ya kalasi ya mafakitale (60-70%) kuti njira yowotcha tsitsi ikhale 0.6% yokha, yokhudzana ndi kulemera. M'malo mwake, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panjira yodalirika ndizokwera kwambiri, zomwe ndi 2-3%. Chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndi chakuti kuchuluka kwa unhairing kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ayoni sulfide (S2-) mu zoyandama. Zoyandama zazifupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa sulfide. Komabe, kuchepetsa milingo ya sulfide kumakhudza kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa tsitsi munthawi yovomerezeka.
Kuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane momwe kuchuluka kwa kunyowa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndizodziwikiratu kuti kukwera kwakukulu kumafunika makamaka polimbana ndi njira inayake. Pakuwotcha tsitsi, mfundo iyi yowukira ndi keratin ya kotekisi ya tsitsi, yomwe imadetsedwa ndi sulfide chifukwa cha kusweka kwa milatho ya cystine.
Mu njira yotetezeka ya tsitsi, kumene keratin imatetezedwa ndi sitepe ya katemera, mfundo yowonongeka makamaka ndi mapuloteni a babu la tsitsi lomwe limapangidwa ndi hydrolysed chifukwa cha zinthu za alkaline kapena ma enzymes a proteolytic, ngati alipo. Mfundo yachiwiri komanso yofunika kwambiri yowukira ndi pre-keratin yomwe ili pamwamba pa babu latsitsi; akhoza kunyozedwa ndi proteolytic hydrolysis pamodzi ndi keratolytic zotsatira za sulfide.
Zirizonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa tsitsi, ndizofunika kwambiri kuti mfundo zowonongekazi zikhale zosavuta kupeza mankhwala opangira mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sulfide ikhale yochuluka kwambiri yomwe imapangitsa kuti tsitsi likhale lopanda tsitsi. Izi zikutanthawuzanso kuti ngati njira zopangira mankhwala (monga laimu, sulfide, enzyme ndi zina) zitha kuperekedwa pamalo ofunikira, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa kwambiri.

Kunyowa ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchotsa tsitsi

Mankhwala onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa tsitsi amasungunuka m'madzi ndipo madzi ndi njira yopangira. Mafuta ndiye chotchinga chachirengedwe chomwe chimachepetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala aliwonse opanda tsitsi. Kuchotsedwa kwa mafuta kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri ntchito ya uhairing wotsatira. Chifukwa chake, maziko a kuvulazidwa kogwira mtima ndi kuchepetsedwa kwambiri kwa mankhwala akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa pakuwuka.
Cholinga chake ndikuchotsa bwino tsitsi ndi khungu ndikuchotsa mafuta a sebaceous. Kumbali ina, munthu ayenera kupewa kuchotsa mafuta ambiri, makamaka m'thupi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri sizingatheke kuzisunga mu emulsion ndipo kupaka mafuta kudzakhala zotsatira zake. Izi zimabweretsa mafuta ochuluka m'malo mwa "owuma" omwe amafunidwa, omwe amalepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa njira yopanda tsitsi.
Ngakhale kuchotsedwa kwamafuta kuzinthu zina zamapangidwe a chikopa kumawawonetsa kuukira kotsatira kwa mankhwala osatulutsa tsitsi, mbali zina za chikopa zimatha kutetezedwa nthawi yomweyo. Zochitika zikuwonetsa kuti kuthira pansi pamikhalidwe ya alkaline yoperekedwa ndi mankhwala a alkali padziko lapansi pamapeto pake kumabweretsa zikopa zodzaza bwino m'mbali ndi m'mimba komanso malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Pakalipano palibe kufotokozera momveka bwino za mfundo yotsimikiziridwa bwinoyi, koma ziwerengero zowunikira zimasonyeza kutidi kuthirira ndi mchere wa nthaka kumabweretsa kugawidwa kosiyana kwambiri kwa zinthu zamafuta mkati mwa chikopa poyerekeza ndi kuviika ndi phulusa la soda.
Ngakhale kuti degreasing zotsatira ndi koloko phulusa ndithu yunifolomu, ntchito nthaka zamchere kumabweretsa apamwamba zili mafuta zinthu lotayirira kusanjika m`madera pelt, mwachitsanzo m`mbali. Kaya izi zimachitika chifukwa chochotsa mafuta m'malo ena kapena kuyikanso zinthu zamafuta sizinganenedwe pakadali pano. Kaya chifukwa chenichenicho ndi chotani, phindu lochepetsera zokolola silingakane.
Watsopano kusankha akuwukha wothandizira amagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira anafotokoza; imapereka mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yochotsa tsitsi-mizu ndi tsitsi labwino ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa sulfide, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imateteza kukhulupirika kwamimba ndi m'mbali.

Low sulfide enzymatic imathandiza kuchotsa tsitsi

Chikopa chikakonzedwa bwino ndikuviika, kunyowetsa kumachitika bwino kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa enzymatic proteolytic formulation ndi keratolytic effect ya sulphide. Komabe, munjira yotetezeka ya tsitsi, zopereka za sulfide tsopano zitha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri mpaka 1% pokhudzana ndi kubisa kulemera pazikopa zazikulu za ng'ombe. Izi zitha kuchitika popanda kunyengerera pamlingo ndi mphamvu ya kumeta tsitsi kapena ukhondo wa pellets. Kupereka kwapansi kumapangitsanso kuchepa kwambiri kwa sulfide mu zoyandama zoyandama komanso m'chikopa (imamasula H2S yocheperako pakuchotsa ndi pickling!). Ngakhale njira yowotcha tsitsi yachikhalidwe imatha kuchitidwa pamtengo womwewo wa sulfide.
Kupatula mphamvu ya keratolytic ya sulfide, proteolytic hydrolysis imafunikira nthawi zonse kuti musanyowe. Babu latsitsi, lomwe lili ndi mapuloteni, ndi pre-keratin yomwe ili pamwamba pake iyenera kuwukiridwa. Izi zimatheka ndi alkalinity komanso mwinanso ndi ma enzymes a proteinolytic.
Collagen imakonda kupangidwa ndi hydrolysis kuposa keratin, ndipo pambuyo pa kuwonjezera laimu kolajeni yachilengedwe imasinthidwa ndi mankhwala motero imakhala yovuta kwambiri. Kuonjezera apo, kutupa kwa alkaline kumapangitsanso kuti pelt ikhale yowonongeka ndi thupi. Chifukwa chake, ndizotetezeka kwambiri kukwaniritsa chiwopsezo cha proteolytic pa babu yatsitsi ndi pre-keratin pa pH yotsika musanawonjezere laimu.
Izi zitha kutheka ndi kapangidwe katsopano ka proteolytic enzymatic unhairing kamene kamakhala ndi ntchito yake yayikulu pafupifupi pH 10.5. Pa pH wamba pakupanga laimu pafupifupi 13, ntchitoyo imakhala yotsika kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti peltyo imakhala yochepa kwambiri ku kuwonongeka kwa hydrolytic pamene ili mumkhalidwe wake wovuta kwambiri.

A otsika sulfide, otsika laimu tsitsi chitetezo ndondomeko

Chonyowetsa chomwe chimateteza malo osanjika a chikopa komanso mawonekedwe a enzymatic unhairing omwe amazimitsidwa pa pH yokwera amatsimikizira kuti chikopacho chikhala chowoneka bwino komanso chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njira yatsopano yochotsera tsitsi imalola kuchepetsa kwambiri kupereka kwa sulfide, ngakhale pakuwotcha tsitsi. Koma phindu lapamwamba kwambiri limapezeka ngati likugwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza tsitsi. Kuphatikizika kwa kulowetsedwa kothandiza kwambiri komanso kusankhidwa kwa proteolytic kwa kapangidwe kapadera ka enzyme kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusungika kodalirika kopanda vuto la tsitsi labwino ndi mizu ya tsitsi komanso ukhondo wabwino wa pellets.

Dongosololi limapangitsa kuti chikopacho chitsegulidwe bwino chomwe chimatsogolera ku chikopa chofewa ngati sichilipidwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa laimu. Izi, kuphatikiza ndi kuyang'ana kwa tsitsi ndi fyuluta, kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa matope.

Mapeto

Kutsika kwa sulfide, njira yotsika ya laimu yokhala ndi epidermis yabwino, tsitsi-muzu ndi kuchotsa tsitsi labwino ndizotheka ndi kukonzekera koyenera kwa chikopa mukuviika. Chothandizira chosankha cha enzymatic chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochotsa tsitsi popanda kukhudza kukhulupirika kwa tirigu, matumbo ndi mbali.
Kuphatikiza zinthu zonsezi, ukadaulo umapereka maubwino otsatirawa panjira yachikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito:

- chitetezo chokwanira
- fungo losasangalatsa kwambiri
- amachepetsa kwambiri katundu pa chilengedwe - sulfide, nayitrogeni, COD, matope
- kukhathamiritsa komanso zokolola zosasinthika pakuyala, kudula komanso chikopa
- kuchepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala, ndondomeko ndi zinyalala